An article published in the New England Journal of Medicine proposed a mechanism for myocarditis after COVID-19 or COVID vaccination.
Here is how it happens.
During COVID-19 infection or after COVID vaccination, antibodies develop.
Anti-spike protein antibodies bind to the spike proteins of the SARS-CoV-2. The antibodies prevent the virus from attaching to the ACE2 receptors of human cells in the respiratory tract. For this article, let’s call the anti-spike antibody Antibody 1.
Those antibodies recognize specific parts of the spike protein called epitopes.
However, too many Antibody 1 can attack and damage the host’s cells. A condition called an autoimmune reaction.
To prevent an autoimmune reaction, the human body has a way of decreasing the number of circulating antibodies present. It does so by making another antibody to Antibody 1. We will call it Antibody 2.
Antibody 2 should have protein sequences at its tip that will attract Antibody 1. Those protein sequences in Antibody 2 will look like the epitopes of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2.
Thus, the spike protein and the tip of Antibody 2 will look the same. That means Antibody 2 can also attach to the ACE2 receptor of the host cell. The ACE2 receptors are also present in the heart muscles.
Once the Antibody 2 and ACE2 complex is formed, the other immune system molecules will be called in to start an immune response to the heart muscles containing ACE2.
This causes an inflammation of the heart muscle called myocarditis.
The image below shows Antibody 1 (Ab1) attaching to the spike protein in red. Antibody 2(Ab2) can bind to Ab1 and also to ACE2. Immune cells attack the AB2-ACE2 complex, and autoimmunity happens.
Antibody 2 in this article is known as Anti-idiotype antibody. This immune mechanism has been experimentally done on mice’s heart muscles, resulting in autoimmune myocarditis.
Another example of anti-idiotype antibodies is when anti-idiotype antibodies attach receptors at nerve endings in rabbits leading to myasthenia gravis.
ACE2 receptors are also present in nerve cells in humans. That is why anti-idiotype antibodies can also explain the lasting neurologic effects after COVID-19 or vaccination.
The article’s writers are calling for more basic science research to define the role of idiotype-based immunoregulation of the vaccines to prevent myocarditis and neurological complications.
Unfortunately, that horse has left the barn. Millions have been injected with COVID shots. Thousands now have myocarditis and are neurologically damaged.
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Reference: A Possible Role for Anti-idiotype Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination
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