The Whole English translation of the Spanish study showing 99% Graphene Oxide in the Pfizer COVID-19 Vaccine

The featured study was translated from Spanish using Google Translate and edited with Grammarly.

The conclusion of the Spanish study, which will be repeated at the end of this article, is,

The microscopic study of the sample provides solid evidence of probable graphene derivatives, although microscopy does not provide conclusive proof. Definitive identification of graphene, oxidized graphene (GO), or reduced oxidized graphene (rGO) in the sample RD1 shows precise STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION through the analysis of spectral patterns specific comparable to those published in the literature and those obtained from of sample pattern, obtained with spectroscopic techniques such as XPS, EDS, NMR, FTIR or Raman, among others.

The findings showed that the detectable RNA is 6ng/ul and graphene oxide is  747 ng/ul. That makes the graphene oxide 99.2% and the RNA 0.8% of the vaccine by weight.

Comirnaty is the brand name for the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine in Europe.

As an introduction, here are three studies that provide background about graphene oxide.

According to Biomedical applications of graphene and graphene oxide in 2013, Graphene oxide has several biomedical applications. Below is the abstract. [1]

Graphene has unique mechanical, electronic, and optical properties, which researchers have used to develop novel electronic materials including transparent conductors and ultrafast transistors.

Recently, the understanding of various chemical properties of graphene has facilitated its application in high-performance devices that generate and store energy.

Graphene is now expanding its territory beyond electronic and chemical applications toward biomedical areas such as precise biosensing through graphene-quenched fluorescence, graphene-enhanced cell differentiation and growth, and graphene-assisted laser desorption/ionization for mass spectrometry.

In this Account, we review recent efforts to apply graphene and graphene oxides (GO) to biomedical research and a few different approaches to prepare graphene materials designed for biomedical applications. Because of its excellent aqueous processability, amphiphilicity, surface functionalizability, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and fluorescence quenching ability, GO chemically exfoliated from oxidized graphite is considered a promising material for biological applications.

In addition, the hydrophobicity and flexibility of large-area graphene synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) allow this material to play an important role in cell growth and differentiation.

The lack of acceptable classification standards of graphene derivatives based on chemical and physical properties has hindered the biological application of graphene derivatives.

The development of an efficient graphene-based biosensor requires stable biofunctionalization of graphene derivatives under physiological conditions with minimal loss of their unique properties.

For the development graphene-based therapeutics, researchers will need to build on the standardization of graphene derivatives and study the biofunctionalization of graphene to clearly understand how cells respond to exposure to graphene derivatives. Although several challenging issues remain, initial promising results in these areas point toward significant potential for graphene derivatives in biomedical research.

In 2016, graphene oxide was recommended as an adjuvant to increase vaccine effectiveness. Functionalized graphene oxide serves as a novel vaccine nano-adjuvant for robust stimulation of cellular immunity. [2]

Abstract:

Benefiting from their unique physicochemical properties, graphene derivatives have attracted great attention in biomedicine.

In this study, we carefully engineered graphene oxide (GO) as a vaccine adjuvant for immunotherapy using urease B (Ure B) as the model antigen. Ure B is a specific antigen for Helicobacter pylori, which is a class I carcinogen for gastric cancer.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and various types of polyethylenimine (PEI) were used as coating polymers. Compared with single-polymer modified GOs (GO-PEG and GO-PEI), certain dual-polymer modified GOs (GO-PEG-PEI) can act as a positive modulator to promote the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and enhance their cytokine secretion through the activation of multiple toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways while showing low toxicity.

Moreover, this GO-PEG-PEI can serve as an antigen carrier to effectively shuttle antigens into DCs. These two advantages enable GO-PEG-PEI to serve as a novel vaccine adjuvant.

In the subsequent in vivo experiments, compared with free Ure B and clinically used aluminum-adjuvant-based vaccine (Alum-Ure B), GO-PEG-PEI-Ure B induces stronger cellular immunity via intradermal administration, suggesting promising applications in cancer immunotherapy.

Our work not only presents a novel, highly effective GO-based vaccine nano-adjuvant, but also highlights the critical roles of surface chemistry for the rational design of nano-adjuvants.

In December 2020, the Potential of graphene-based materials to combat COVID-19: properties, perspectives, and prospects was published in  MATER Today [3] Chem.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a new virus in the coronavirus family that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), emerges as a big threat to the human race. To date, there is no medicine and vaccine available for COVID-19 treatment.

While the development of medicines and vaccines are essentially and urgently required, what is also extremely important is the repurposing of smart materials to design effective systems for combating COVID-19.

Graphene and graphene-related materials (GRMs) exhibit extraordinary physicochemical, electrical, optical, antiviral, antimicrobial, and other fascinating properties that warrant them as potential candidates for designing and development of high-performance components and devices required for COVID-19 pandemic and other futuristic calamities.

In this article, we discuss the potential of graphene and GRMs for healthcare applications and how they may contribute to fighting against COVID-19.

With that cursory background, The following is the Spanish study about the presence of Graphene Oxide in a sample of the Pzifer vaccine. The complete Spanish edition in pdf can be seen if you click here.

GRAPHENE OXIDE DETECTION IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION (COMIRNATY) TM (RD1)

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN OPTICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Interim report (I) June 28, 2021, Prof. Dr. Pablo Campra Madrid Ph.D. in Chemical Sciences and Bachelor of Biological Sciences HIGHER SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF ALMERIA, SPAIN. [4]

IMPORTANT NOTICE A microscopic study is presented below, observational and merely descriptive of the sample problem. The definitive identification of the dominant material in the actual sample of further fractionations and analysis-specific spectroscopy characterizes the material’s structure.

Background

• Mr. Ricardo Delgado Martín requests

PROVISION OF RESEARCH SERVICES to the UAL called: “DETECTION OF GRAPHENE IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION SAMPLE”

• On 10/06/2021, it is received by courier one vial, labeled with the following text:

• “COMIRNATYTM. Sterile concentrate. COVID-19 mRNA. Six doses after dilution.

• Discard date/time:PAA165994. LOT/EXP: EY3014 08/2021″

• Provenance and traceability: unknown
• Conservation status: refrigerated
• Maintenance during the study: refrigerated
• Coding of the sample problem to be analyzed: RD1

Preliminary observations of the problem sample RD1

Description:

• Sealed vial, with intact rubber and aluminum lid, of 2ml capacity, containing a cloudy aqueous suspension of 0,45 ml.
• RNA extraction and quantification is performed
• Uncharacterized nanometric microbiology, visible at 600X, is observed in the optical microscope.

Sample processing

1. Dilution in sterile saline at 0.9% (0.45 ml + 1.2 ml)
2.  Polarity fractionation: 1.2 ml hexane+120 ul sample RD1
3. Hydrophilic phase extraction
4. Extraction and quantification of RNA in the sample
5. Electron microscopy and aqueous phase optics

Preliminary analysis: extraction and quantification of RNA in the sample

1. RNA Extraction: Https://www.fishersci.es/shop/products/ambion-purelink-rna-mini-kit-7/10307963 Kit
2. Quantification of total UV absorbance in spectrophotometer NanoDrop™ https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/ND-2000#/ND-2000
3. Specific quantification of RNA by fluorescence QUBIT2.0: https://www.thermofisher.com/es/es/home/references/newsletters-and-journals/bioprobes-journalof-cell-biology-applications/bioprobes-issues-2011/bioprobes-64-april-2011/the-qubit-2-0-fluorometer-april- 2011.html

The UV absorption spectrum of the aqueous phase of the rd1 sample (Nano-drop equipment)

Maximum absorption of SAMPLE RD1 (260-270 nm)

• RNA. It has usual highs at 260 nm. Estimated total concentration by fluorometry QUBIT2.0: 6 ng/ul
• The spectrum reveals the presence of a high amount of substances or substances other than Rna with maximum absorption in the same region, with an estimated total of 747 ng/ul (uncalibrated estimate)
• Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has absorption maximums at 270 nm, compatible with the spectrum obtained (Thema et al., 2013. Journal of Chemistry ID 150536)
• The maximum absorption obtained does NOT ALLOW TO RULE OUT the presence of graphene in the sample. The minimum amount of RNA detected by QUBIT2.0 only explains a residual percentage of the total UV absorption of the sample.

OBJECTIVE: Microscopic identification of graphene derivatives

Methodology:

1. Imaging in optical and electron microscopy
2. Comparison with literature images and graphene oxide pattern reduced

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM)

JEM-2100Plus electron microscope

Voltage: 200 kV

Resolution 0.14 nm

Increase to x1,200,000

TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (TEM)

Electron microscopy (TEM) is commonly used to obtain images of graphene nanomaterials. It has become a fairly standard and easy instrument to get graphene sheets images in individual layers.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ABOVE IMAGE

de: Choucair et al., 2009. Gram-scale production of graphene-based on solvothermal synthesis and sonication. Nature Nanotechnology 4(1):30-3

Figure 2: “TEM images of agglomerated graphene sheets. The same sample region is seen with different magnification and samples the degree of formation of the sheet and the tendency of the sheets to be merged into overlapping areas.

An inherent sheet-shaped structure shows an intricate array of long-range folds. The relative opacity of individual sheets results from interfacial regions with overlap between individual sheets and how the images are taken in transmission mode. The sheets are spread in dimensions laterals on micrometric length scales, ranging from 100 nm up to more than 1,000 nm.”

RESULTS: Sample Comparison Problem (RD1) with a TEM Image in the literature

Figure on the left 200 nm SAMPLE RD1

Figure on the right: Choucair et al 2009. Nature Nanotechnology 4(1):30-3 Fig 2 p 12

RESULTS: DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLE TEM IMAGES PROBLEM RD1

The TEM images of the RD1 sample, in general, HAVE A HIGH RESEMBLANCE to graphene oxide on literature images obtained by the same TEM technique, with similar magnification.

You can see an intricate matrix or mesh of translucent flexible sheets folded on themselves, with a mixture of darker multilayer agglomerations and monolayers not folded lighter in color. Darker linear areas appear due to overlapping local sheets and the local arrangement of individual sheets in parallel to the electron beam.

Behind the mesh appears a high density of rounded and elliptical clear shapes without identity, possibly corresponding to holes generated by the mechanical forcing of the mesh during treatment. Here are three images with progressive magnification: p 13

• Important NOTE: For a definitive IDENTIFICATION of GRAPHENE by TEM, it is necessary to complement the observation with the structural characterization by obtaining by EDS a CHARACTERISTIC ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERN (such as the figure b shown below).

The pattern corresponding to graphite or graphene has hexagonal symmetry and generally has several concentric hexagons. It has not been possible at the moment to get this pattern by the shortage of samples available for your processing and the chaotic layout and density of the Folds.

From: Matéria (Rio J.) 23 (1) • 2018 • Characterization of graphene nanosheets obtained by a modified Hummer’s method. Renata Hack et al. p 14

Optical Microscope

Biological Microscope CX43

10x, 20x Fluor PLAN Targets (DIC) and 40x (DIC) Eyepiece: 10x

• Capacitor adjusted in an intermediate position with effect 3D (between Clear Field (BF) and dark field (DF) p 15

REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE PATTERN

p 16

IDENTIFICATION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE AND ITS STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS BY OPTICAL MICROSCOPY

Graphene materials essentially consist of a single atomic layer, making the microscope absorbance-based optics difficult. However, it is possible to acquire optical images of graphene sheets suspended under light transmitted from the light field (Fig. a). Oxidized graphene (GO) has a much paler color than reduced (rGO).

Graphene materials essentially consist of a single atomic layer, and this observes the microscope absorbance-based optics are complicated. However, it is possible to acquire optical images of graphene sheets suspended under light transmitted from the light field (Fig. a). Oxidized graphene (GO) has a much paler color than reduced (rGO).

However, under reflective lighting, obtaining high-contrast optical images of graphene and even sheets of GO has been reported in the literature. Modifying the angle of incidence of the illumination by appropriate adjustment of the capacitor (light field and dark field) has been the technique used to increase the contrast in the rd1 sample of the present report and obtain images of the roughness on the surface of the sheets with 3D effect.

a) Campo claro. b-d) Microscopía de extinción de fluorescencia (FQM) Kim et al, 2010. Seeing graphene-based sheets, Materials Today, Volume 13, 2010, Pages 28-38, p 17

Literature image Low-magnification TEM

“The figure shows a bilayer graphene TEM image with edges tending to roll up and bend slightly.”

Qian, W., Hao, R., Hou, Y. et al. Solvothermal-assisted exfoliation process produces graphene with high yield and high quality. Nano Res. 2, 706–712 (2009).

IMAGES OF LITERATURE. ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AT LOW MAGNIFICATION SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) (a) and (b) and TRANSMISSION (TEM) (c) and (d)

Effects of Graphene Nanosheets with Different Lateral Sizes as Conductive Additives on the Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries.

Figure 2. SEM images of different graphene sheet sizes: (a) GN-13 and (b) GN-28, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of different graphene sheet sizes: (c) GN-13 and (d) GN-28.

Husu et al. Polymers 2020, 12(5), 1162

Robust Magnetized Graphene Oxide Platform for In Situ Peptide Synthesis and FRET-Based Protease Detection Kim et al., Sensors 2020, 20(18), 5275

Figure 1. Preparation and characterization of graphene oxide (GO) and magnetic graphene oxide (MGO). (A) Schematic of MGO synthesis procedure. (B) Optical microscopy image of MGO. (C) Magnetic hysteresis loop of MGO. (D) UV/Vis absorption spectra of GO and MGO. (E) FTIR spectra of GO and MGO

Comparison of RD1 sample to the optical microscope with images of the REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE (rGO)

The optical images of the sheets present in the RD1 sample reveal remarkable similarities with the sheets exfoliated from sonication of the rGO pattern. Both samples have inwardly rough translucent sheets with irregular profiles, folded over themselves, and tend to roll up at the edges. The shapes and dimensions of the sheets are very variable, presenting in both samples sheets in tapes or bands folded on themselves (ribbons).

In the attached ANNEX are shown alternate images of sample pattern of rGO and SAMPLE PROBLEM RD1

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The microscopic study of the sample provides solid evidence of probable graphene derivatives, although microscopy does not provide conclusive proof. Definitive identification of graphene, oxidized graphene (GO), or reduced oxidized graphene (rGO) in the sample RD1 shows precise STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION through the analysis of spectral patterns specific comparable to those published in the literature and those obtained from of sample pattern, obtained with spectroscopic techniques such as XPS, EDS, NMR, FTIR or Raman, among others.

2. The analyses in this report correspond to A SINGLE SAMPLE, limited in total volume available for processing. It is, therefore, necessary to carry out a significant sampling of similar vials to conclude generalizable to comparable samples, registering origin, traceability, and quality control during conservation and transport before analysis.

Disclaimer

• The findings and conclusions of this report do not imply a position institutional any of the University of Almeria

• Neither the Principal Investigator nor the University of Almeria assumes any responsibility for the contents and opinions of third parties on the This report from its possible dissemination on social networks or media communication, nor of the conclusions which may be drawn from it which does not have been made explicit in the text.

-end of the study-

If this is true, why is graphene oxide not in the vaccine literature of the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine?

If you like to see more of Dr. Campras’ research, check this out, Contamination or Wireless Nanosensors network in the COVID shots?

Knowledge about Covid-19 is rapidly evolving, and information may update as new studies are made. Stay current by subscribing. Feel free to share.

Don’t Get Sick!

Someone else is trying to copy the study above. Don’t be fooled like the others: Scrutinize what you see on the internet

Related readings:

1. Unambiguous signals for graphene in COVID-19 shots – January 2022
2. Contamination or Wireless Nanosensors network in the COVID shots?– January 2022
3. A Form of Graphene can Destroy SARS-CoV-2
4. Degradation of Graphene in the Human Body
5. The Updated List of Covid-19 Articles
6. Polymerase Theta can change RNA to DNA
7. Risk (Death) Benefit (Life-Saving) Ratio of the COVID-19 Vaccines
8. Cerebral Thrombosis after the Pfizer Covid-19 Vaccine
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References:

1. Chung C, Kim YK, Shin D, Ryoo SR, Hong BH, Min DH. Biomedical applications of graphene and graphene oxide. Acc Chem Res. 2013 Oct 15;46(10):2211-24. doi: 10.1021/ar300159f. PMID: 23480658.
2. Xu L, Xiang J, Liu Y, Xu J, Luo Y, Feng L, Liu Z, Peng R. Functionalized graphene oxide serves as a novel vaccine nano-adjuvant for robust stimulation of cellular immunity. Nanoscale. 2016 Feb 14;8(6):3785-95. doi: 10.1039/c5nr09208f. Epub 2016 Jan 27. PMID: 26814441.
3. Srivastava AK, Dwivedi N, Dhand C, et al. Potential of graphene-based materials to combat COVID-19: properties, perspectives, and prospects. Mater Today Chem. 2020;18:100385. doi:10.1016/j.mtchem.2020.100385
4. Campra P. GRAPHENE OXIDE DETECTION IN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION
   OBSERVATIONAL STUDY IN OPTICAL AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. : https://www.docdroid.net/rNgtxyh/microscopia-devial-corminaty-dr-campra-firma-e-1-fusionado-pdf

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