A high fat diet may lead to inflammation and colorectal cancer

A study published in Cell Research in July 2022 shows that a high-fat diet can lead to inflammation and possibly colorectal cancer.

The study by Deng et al. showed that a high-fat diet increases the leptin receptors and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in the intestinal stem cells (ISC).[1]

Leptin is a hormone that regulates appetite by inhibiting hunger. After binding with its receptor, leptin gives a feeling of satiety once enough calories are ingested.

In obesity, there is leptin resistance where higher levels do not elicit satiety leading to excessive caloric intake.

The insulin-like growth factor is a hormone similar to insulin but works with the growth hormone to facilitate tissue and bone growth.

The figure below shows the inner intestinal lining in a normal and a high-fat diet typical of a western-style diet.

High-fat diets increase the mesenchymal cells with more leptin receptors that also secrete more IGF1 resulting in inflammation and cancer formation.

This finding adds to the mechanistic explanation of why the western diet increases the risk of inflammation and colorectal cancer progression.[2]

One high-fat diet will not lead to cancer. The body has a way to remove cancer cells. I would think that the high-fat diet should be continuous to cause cancer.

According to the CDC, a high-fat diet is a risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer.

Going back to the study of Deng et al., they also found that caloric restriction creates an environment with less inflammation and a lower tendency for tumor formation by decreasing the leptin receptors and IGF1.

That finding is in line with other observations showing that caloric restriction improves cancer treatment outcomes.[3]

Caloric restriction is a dietary regimen that lowers caloric intake without going into malnutrition. One health benefit of caloric restriction is similar to the effects of a commonly used drug.

You can read about how at Caloric restriction mimics the positive effects of beta-blockers on the heart. 

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References:

1. Deng M, et al. Lepr⁺ mesenchymal cells sense diet to modulate intestinal stem/progenitor cells via Leptin-Igf1 axis. Cell Res. 2022 Jul;32(7):670-686. doi: 10.1038/s41422-022-00643-9. Epub 2022 Mar 16. PMID: 35296796; PMCID: PMC9253134.
2. Messina-Pacheco, J., Gregorieff, A. A gut feeling: diet-sensing mesenchymal cells regulate intestinal stem cell function. Cell Res 32, 605–606 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-022-00658-2
3. O’Flanagan CH et al. When less may be more: calorie restriction and response to cancer therapy. BMC Med. 2017 May 24;15(1):106. doi: 10.1186/s12916-017-0873-x. PMID: 28539118; PMCID: PMC5442682.

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